Artificial Intelligence in Wireless RAN

By Iain Gillott, Senior Research and Technical Advisor, WIA

Artificial Intelligence is reshaping industries—and mobile broadband is no exception. At the heart of this transformation is a simple truth: AI thrives on data, and data depends on fast, reliable connectivity. In this blog series, we’ll dive into how AI is redefining the Radio Access Network (RAN), unlocking smarter, more autonomous operations, boosting service quality, improving energy efficiency, and making multi-vendor networks work in harmony. Get ready to explore the intelligent future of mobile networks.

Radio Access Networks (RAN) form the essential interface between user devices and the core of a mobile communications network. The RAN consists of base stations, antennas and remote radio heads that transmit and receive wireless signals to and from smartphones, tablets, vehicles, IoT devices and machines in both public and private networks. With the rapid adoption of 5G, the move to 5G Advanced and preparation for 6G, RANs have become denser, more heterogeneous and more complex to manage.

Modern RANs must support thousands of simultaneous connections, low latency use cases like autonomous driving and virtual reality, and highly variable traffic patterns. The transition toward multi-vendor, virtualized and cloud-native architectures such as Open RAN (ORAN) and virtual RAN (vRAN) complicates the networks further. The challenge is how to manage this level of complexity. Using static configuration rules or manual operations is no longer viable.

AI offers a solution to this challenge. It enables data-driven, adaptive and predictive control of RAN components, replacing many static configuration methods with algorithms that can learn and optimize over time. AI-driven approaches in the RAN span a wide range of applications, from self-organizing network behavior and dynamic spectrum allocation to predictive maintenance and edge-based beamforming optimization.

RAN-AI really comes in two flavors that work together to bring multiple benefits:

• AI in the RAN where AI capabilities are embedded inside the RAN components (radio, antennas, etc) and are designed to support use cases at the cell site
• AI on the RAN where the AI processing takes place outside the RAN infrastructure but uses data from the AI in the RAN, as well as other inputs and data sets.

Special attention is given to AI’s role in the RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) in ORAN, the growing use of AI at the edge for ultra-low-latency decision-making, and how AI will underpin the forthcoming 6G wireless architecture. This article provides an overview of the various areas in which the AI is having an impact.

Specifically, AI is having an impact several areas of the mobile network, some of which are presented below:

• Network Optimization: At the core of AI’s value in the RAN is its ability to optimize network parameters dynamically and intelligently. AI enables Self-Organizing Networks (SON), traffic prediction and load balancing, all of which can lead to better quality of service (QoS), more efficient use of radio resources and reduced manual intervention. Overall, this can lead to improved user experience.
• Improved RAN security: AI tools and algorithms can be used to defend the RAN from malware and other bad actors, especially AI-driven malware that learns and adapts as it penetrates the RAN.  In essence, this means that ‘good’ AI may be used to combat ‘bad’ AI.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy consumption is one of the biggest concerns in mobile network operations today as the RAN is responsible for most of the wireless network’s energy consumption – radios and advanced massive MIMO antennas take power to transmit and receive all those bits and bytes. With the introduction of densified cell deployments, Massive Multiple Input, Multiple Output (Massive MIMO) and always-on signaling, energy demand is expected to increase unless intelligently managed. AI can provide solutions to curb consumption without compromising service quality.
• Enhanced Spectrum Management: Efficient use of spectrum is fundamental to the performance of the RAN, particularly as mobile operators contend with limited frequency allocations, fragmented spectrum assets and growing interference. AI has emerged as a key enabler in optimizing spectrum usage, ensuring maximum throughput and minimal service degradation in increasingly crowded spectral environments. AI can aid in traditional spectrum management but also supports advanced functions like spectrum sharing, dynamic channel allocation and interference mitigation—capabilities critical to both 5G and future 6G deployments.
• Fault Detection and Predictive Maintenance: As wireless networks scale in complexity and scope, maintaining RAN equipment reliability becomes increasingly challenging. With tens of thousands of radios, antennas and backhaul links spread across urban and rural environments, even a minor fault can escalate into widespread service degradation. Traditional maintenance models rely heavily on manual inspections and reactive alarms, which often detect issues only after customers experience degraded service. AI offers a more proactive, data-driven approach through fault detection and predictive maintenance systems.
• Beamforming and Massive MIMO Optimization: Massive MIMO and advanced beamforming are fundamental technologies in 5G and beyond. They dramatically increase spectral efficiency and throughput by enabling spatial multiplexing—transmitting multiple data streams simultaneously over the same frequency using multiple antennas. These techniques are computationally intensive and require dynamic real-time adjustments based on rapidly changing channel conditions, user locations and traffic demands. AI provides the intelligence and adaptability needed to optimize beamforming operations and maximize the benefits of Massive MIMO.
• Edge Intelligence and Distributed RAN (vRAN/ORAN): The shift from traditional tightly couple hardware-software RAN architecture toward cloud-native, virtualized, and disaggregated networks—such as virtual RAN (vRAN) and Open RAN—has created both new opportunities and complexities. As functionality is distributed across Radio Units (RUs), Distributed Units (DUs), and Centralized Units (CUs), with hardware and software components coming from multiple suppliers, real-time optimization becomes more difficult due to increased latency and coordination challenges. Distributed Core Networks with 5G advanced, enable deployment of local edge deeper into the network next to RAN sites. AI enables intelligence at Edge — by deployment of smart decision-making closer to where data is generated and consumed.
• Private and Industrial RAN Use Cases: Private wireless networks—deployed by enterprises, utilities, governments, and manufacturers—are a rapidly growing segment of the wireless ecosystem. These networks frequently require custom configurations, strict security, high reliability and low latency. Unlike public RANs, which are optimized for broad consumer use, private and industrial RANs must adapt to highly specific and localized performance requirements. AI plays a critical role in automating and optimizing these networks to meet mission-critical service demands in real time.

Artificial Intelligence is redefining the boundaries of what is possible in RAN design, deployment and operation. As mobile networks evolve to meet the demands of ultra-dense device connectivity, mission-critical services and data-heavy applications, AI is no longer a peripheral tool—it is a central, enabling technology.

Despite its benefits, AI in RAN is not without challenges. Issues such as data quality, real-time processing constraints, model generalization and cybersecurity require careful consideration.

Looking ahead to 6G, AI will not simply optimize networks—it will define them. Future RANs will be self-evolving, with AI expected to be embedded natively in every layer, capable of learning, adapting and optimizing autonomously. These networks will sense their environments, support immersive and tactile applications and orchestrate services across the digital and physical world with unprecedented precision.

In summary, the technical applications of AI in the RAN promise greater agility, efficiency and intelligence across the wireless ecosystem. As AI capabilities mature and become more accessible, their adoption in RAN will be a key competitive differentiator for operators, vendors and enterprises alike. The future of wireless is not just connected—it is cognitive.